{"id":59996,"date":"2023-03-14T14:19:53","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T13:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dignity.dk\/?p=59996"},"modified":"2023-03-14T14:23:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-14T13:23:55","slug":"torture-can-never-be-justified","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dignity.dk\/en\/news\/torture-can-never-be-justified\/","title":{"rendered":"Torture can never be justified"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Human Rights Law expert Natasa Mavronicola warns against thinking that torture should be used or deemed lawful in exceptional situations<\/h4>

Proponents of torture or inhuman treatment employed by state authorities often use the \u2018ticking bomb scenario\u2019<\/a>: An arrested \u2018terrorist\u2019 knows when and where a timebomb will explode and kill dozens, or even hundreds, of innocent civilians. He also knows how to defuse the bomb but refuses to talk.<\/p>

In this scenario, torture is justifiable, they will argue. You are weighing the terrorist\u2019s right not to be tortured against the innocent civilians\u2019 right to life. And the latter wins.<\/p>

\u00bbBut it doesn\u2019t work that way\u00ab, argues Natasa Mavronicola<\/a>. \u00bbArticle 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/a> absolutely prohibits torture and inhuman or degrading treatment\u00ab.<\/p>

Natasa Mavronicola is a Professor of Human Rights Law at the University of Birmingham<\/a> in England. She has served as Special Advisor to a former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture<\/a> and has, for many years, studied Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its implications \u2013 for instance in the G\u00e4fgen case, in which German police in 2002 threatened a kidnapper with torture in the hope to find an abducted child alive (see fact box).<\/p>

\u00bbIn the G\u00e4fgen case, the state and the police had negative and positive obligations. The negative obligation is the absolute prohibition against subjecting anyone, including the kidnapper and murderer, Magnus G\u00e4fgen, to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment. The positive obligation is to take effective and appropriate measures to protect the kidnapped boy, Jakob von Metzler, from being ill-treated or killed. But this positive obligation in no way includes an obligation to inflict torture or other abuse on a suspect\u00ab, says Natasa Mavronicola.<\/p>

No obligation to torture<\/strong><\/h5>

She points out that the German police were obliged to search the suspect\u2019s house thoroughly and lawfully trace his movements and to mobilise substantial resources to locate the kidnapped boy, Jakob. But there was and is no obligation to torture or ill-treat<\/em>.<\/p>

\u00bbJakob von Metzler\u2019s parents would not be able to bring a case that the police should act in an unlawful way \u2013 that is, contrary to an absolute prohibition in human rights law \u2013 to save their son\u00ab, Natasa Mavronicola argues.<\/p>

\u00bbThere is no right to have someone tortured or ill-treated for whatever speculative gain. So there is no conflict of rights in this scenario\u00ab.<\/p>

She admits that torture or the threat of it may in rare cases produce information that could be characterised as \u00bbuseful\u00ab. But that consideration and the \u2018ticking bomb scenario\u2019 should remain irrelevant as long as torture is absolutely prohibited in international human rights law.<\/p>

Additionally, she points out, the \u2018ticking bomb scenario\u2019 discussion is dangerous because, as Professor Henry Shue<\/a> has highlighted, the \u2018ticking bomb scenario\u2019 idealises the benefits of the exceptional use of torture and also makes torture an abstract topic of debate, distancing us from what torture actually is and what it leads to.<\/p>

The consequences of allowing torture or inhuman or degrading treatment in supposedly rare and exceptional \u2018ticking bomb\u2019 cases would be immense and any notion of a trade-off between on the one hand the suspect\u2019s right to freedom from torture and on the other the population\u2019s right to safety and security should be carefully rethought.<\/p>

\u00bbThose willing to trade off freedom from torture for hypothetical benefits should be aware that this licence for torture could, one day, affect them. However, we have to be clear about one thing: the \u2018ticking bomb\u2019 discussion is often conveniently detached from the reality of who gets to live a life free from torture or the threat of torture. Much of the discussion boils down to accepting that \u2018others\u2019 be tortured or ill-treated for the sake of \u2018our\u2019 safety or, rather, perceived safety\u00ab, Natasa Mavronicola says. The \u2018us\u2019 and \u2018them\u2019 in this context is shaped by stigma and marginalisation, she highlights, pointing to issues such as aggressive anti-immigration policies and widespread racism.<\/p>

She suggests that the notion of a trade-off often masks an even more insidious stance, which is the idea that some people are simply unworthy of the right not to be subjected to torture or related ill-treatment.<\/p>

Dehumanisation<\/strong><\/h5>

\u00bbThe view that some people are so terrible that they don\u2019t deserve to be protected from torture or even deserve to be tortured is deeply troubling. It embodies the dehumanisation that all too often leads to torture and could be exemplified in US soldiers\u2019 profoundly abusive treatment of prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq after 9\/11\u00ab, she says.<\/p>

And in spite of the fact that the Strasbourg court established in the G\u00e4fgen case that torture as well as inhuman and degrading treatment is absolutely prohibited, there is no country \u2013 in Europe or elsewhere \u2013 where everyone enjoys complete freedom from such abuse.<\/p>

\u00bbThere is no room for being complacent or self-congratulatory about torture. Because torture certainly happens in our societies. It might not usually happen to those of us privileged enough to engage in philosophical discussions on \u2018ticking bombs\u2019. But, as Professor Darius Rejali<\/a> has highlighted, it is a practice that often operates to \u2018remind lesser citizens who they are and where they belong\u2019. Torture is a denial of our equal humanity and happens because of the denial of our equal humanity \u2013 it must, therefore, be fought against with that in mind\u00ab.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The G\u00e4fgen case<\/strong><\/h5>

On September 30th<\/sup>, 2002, the police arrested 27-year-old law student Magnus G\u00e4fgen at a parking garage at Frankfurt Airport as he was about to leave Germany with his girlfriend.<\/p>

They had identified G\u00e4fgen as the kidnapper of 11-year-old Jakob von Metzler. The kidnapping had taken place three days earlier. The wealthy von Metzler family had immediately informed the police but also paid the demanded ransom of one million euros.<\/p>

The hand-over of the money took place at a tram stop where the police managed to identify G\u00e4fgen from his car\u2019s license plate. The police followed him and apprehended him at the airport.<\/p>

At the police station, Magnus G\u00e4fgen refused to tell what had happened to Jakob or where he was. The police officers in charge, Frankfurt\u2019s Deputy Police Chief Wolfgang Daschner and Chief Inspector Ortwin Ennigkeit, for obvious reasons, found it urgently important to find the 11-year-old boy, hopefully alive.<\/p>

They threatened G\u00e4fgen that he would be tortured if he didn\u2019t say where the boy was. The threat made G\u00e4fgen talk. He informed the police that he had killed Jakob and that Jakob\u2019s body was hidden near a pond around 40 kilometres northwest of Frankfurt.<\/p>

The following year, Magnus G\u00e4fgen was sentenced to life imprisonment for kidnapping and killing Jakob von Metzler. In 2023, he remains in prison and a court in Kassel decided in 2019 that he will, at the earliest, be eligible for parole in 2025.<\/p>

But Magnus G\u00e4fgen\u2019s life sentence was not the only judicial outcome of the case. In 2010 the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights<\/a> decided<\/a> that the police officers had violated Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights by threatening Magnus G\u00e4fgen with torture. The threat itself, the Court said, did not amount to torture but constituted inhuman treatment, which is covered by the same article. According to the Court, Article 3 prohibits \u00bbin absolute terms\u00ab torture as well as inhuman or degrading treatment. Therefore, the ill-treatment inflicted on G\u00e4fgen was conclusively unlawful as a matter of human rights law.<\/p>

In 2004 a court in Frankfurt had fined<\/a> the two senior police officers 10,800 and 3600 euros respectively. In 2012 a Frankfurt court awarded<\/a> prisoner Magnus G\u00e4fgen a compensation of 3000 euros for the inhuman treatment he had been subjected to.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Human Rights Law expert Natasa Mavronicola warns against thinking that torture should be used or deemed lawful in exceptional situations Proponents of torture or inhuman treatment employed by state authorities often use the \u2018ticking bomb scenario\u2019: An arrested \u2018terrorist\u2019 knows when and where a timebomb will explode and kill dozens, or even hundreds, of innocent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":59991,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nTorture can never be justified - DIGNITY<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Human Rights Law expert Natasa Mavronicola warns against thinking that torture should be used or deemed lawful in exceptional situations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dignity.dk\/en\/news\/torture-can-never-be-justified\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Torture can never be justified\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Human Rights Law expert Natasa Mavronicola warns against thinking that torture should be used or deemed lawful in exceptional situations\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dignity.dk\/en\/news\/torture-can-never-be-justified\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DIGNITY - 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